The spatial pattern and transformation of urban systems is an important manifestation of social, economic development processes that reflect the spatial, social, and behavioral transformation of society. These changes and patterns are the basis of sustainable development research. The purpose of the study is to investigate the dynamics and IMBALANCES of the urban system in Zanjan. The paper is descriptive, analytical research and the method of data collection is documentary. The characteristics of the urban system and its changes have investigated in two sections: demographic and functional. To analyze the demographical dynamics and IMBALANCES, acceleration of urbanization index, gravity and rank-size model, and urban primacy index and time series have been used. The acceleration of urbanization in the province is 2. 53, which is higher than in the country (1. 81). The most attraction between the cities is found between the Zanjan, and Abhar and Khorramdareh. The urban primacy index in the province (0. 61) has always been higher than the country (0. 15). Also, the rank-size slope value was more than-1 in all periods, indicating urban primacy. But modeling the demographic changes of the first six cities shows some sort of balance. Also, we applied the service-centric index to analyze the functionality of this system, the results of which indicate the dominant role of Zanjan. Numerical taxonomy has been used to investigate the position of urban areas in communications and interconnections. The results showed that Zanjan is the only settlement that has a higher value of flow power than the upper limit, which indicates the long-distance of Zanjan from other settlements. Although Zanjan has a weak position in the urban hierarchy of Iran, it is the dominant settlement in the province and different flows of population, capital, goods, and travelers flow unilaterally from other parts to this city. The difference between Zanjan as the prime city and other areas has caused a gap in the settlement system and REGIONAL IMBALANCES. Extended Abstract Introduction The spatial pattern and transformation of urban systems is an important manifestation of social, economic development processes that reflect the spatial, social, and behavioral transformation of society. These changes and patterns are the basis of sustainable development research. Today, there is no independent demographic center, and all the transformations of human societies arise from belonging to the so-called 'geographical space', 'system' or 'network'. The urban system is not only confined to the physical set of urban settlements, but also to the flows and communications between these settlements. These streams include the flow of population, capital, and factors of production, ideas, information and innovation. The urban system of Zanjan province, consisting of 21 cities, is currently in a state of disruption and failure like the general trend of the country. The pattern of the network of urban settlements is a linear pattern with a northwest, southeast direction. The present study aims to explain how the urban system of the province has evolved over the past decades and also to evaluate the dynamics and spatial IMBALANCES in the province's settlement system. Also. It seeks to answer the following questions: what was the trend of the Zanjan urban system in the past and what is the result of these changes in the present system? What are the functional and demographic characteristics of the province's urban system? What are the most important challenges and REGIONAL IMBALANCES in Zanjan's urban system? Methodology The paper is descriptive, analytical research and the method of data collection is documentary. The characteristics of the urban system and its changes have investigated in two sections: demographic and functional. To analyze the demographic dynamics and IMBALANCES, some indexes and models have been used, including: acceleration of urbanization index, gravity and rank-size model, and urban primacy index and time series (simple linear regression with least squares method). In this study, in order to analyze the functional features of this system, the service centricity index was used, which is one of the valid methods for determining the status of each city in terms of power and intensity of services or the degree of centralization of settlements. Also, numerical taxonomy has been used to study the position of urban settlements in the volume of communications and interconnections and their power. Results and discussion Zanjan province is located in the northwestern of the country with an area of more than 22, 000 km2. According to the latest political and administrative divisions in 2013, Zanjan province has 8 parishes and 21 cities. The proportion of urban population in the province is 65. 2 percent and below the national average (74 percent). Study the urban population in 8 parishes of the province shows that Zanjan parish had the highest share of urban population (61%). The acceleration of urbanization in the province is 2. 53, which is higher than in the country (1. 81). In the last 30 years, this index was higher in Zanjan and Abhar parishes than other cities and even higher than in the country. This indicates the rapid growth of urbanization in these two parishes. The results of the gravity model between Zanjan as the center of the province with other settlements showed the most attractions is found between Zanjan and Abhar and Khorramdareh and the least amount between the Zanjan and Noorbahar and Nikpey. Analyzing the urban primacy index in the province and comparing it with the country showed that during the past 35 years, this index has always been higher than the country (0. 61 in the province and 0. 15 in the country in 2016). This indicates the greater distance of Zanjan from other settlements in the province. Also, the rank-size slope value was more than-1 in all periods, indicating urban primacy. The results of modeling the demographic changes of the first six cities by time series based on the population of year 1976 shows some sort of balance in these cities, which means, if the population of each city is compared to the situation of the same city, there is some balance in the process. But when these cities are compared in a hierarchical system, the imbalance in the urban system of the province becomes apparent. Also, we applied the service-centric index to analyze the functionality of this system, the results of which indicate the dominant role of Zanjan. Abhar and then Khorramdareh and Qeidar are next in line, with a considerable distance of Zanjan. Numerical taxonomy has been used to investigate the position of urban areas in communications and interconnections. The results by using 20 indexes showed that Zanjan is the only settlement that has a higher value of flow power than the upper limit, which indicates the long-distance of Zanjan from other settlements. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that although Zanjan has a weak position in the urban hierarchy of Iran, it is the dominant settlement in the province. Due to the political, administrative, economic, physical and infrastructural features of the city, different flows of population, capital, goods, and travelers flow unilaterally of other parts to this city. Irrespective of the significant volume of national and government funds spent in this city, a significant portion of the funds from other cities and villages are also used to attract Zanjan's goods and services. These conditions have made the city to have the highest attraction power in the province. The difference between Zanjan as the prime city and other settlements has caused a gap in the settlement system. However, in recent decades, the creation of small towns as new urban settlements has helped to some extent repair the rupture. The two cities of Abhar and Khorramdareh have been relatively successful in attracting capital and investment over the past years compared to other cities in the province. However, compared to Zanjan, there is still a lot of distance. The reasons for this success can be attributed to the location of the two cities near the dense growth axis of the province and the appropriate access to communication infrastructure and interaction with Tehran, Karaj and Qazvin metropolises.

Imbalance between internal and external parameters is one of the main obstacles in national development. The imbalance exists not only at national level but also in provinces and REGIONAL levels. Prerequisite to REGIONAL planning and reducing IMBALANCES, is position Identification of regions with respect to development. In this research, with the aim of pointing out IMBALANCES among counties of East Azerbaijan Province, 61 development indicators in educational, socio - cultural, population - economical, remedial - sanitary, physical - infrastructural and agricultural sectors, have been extracted using "factor analysis" method. Taxonomic method is also used as input data and finally cluster analysis has been used for grouping counties. Studies showed that out of the total 19 counties, one county is developed, 9 counties partly developed, 6 counties less developed, and 3 counties are deprived. The East Azerbaijan Province consists of western and eastern parts which are more developed and less developed respectively. This imbalance is the reflection and the result of environmental factors, political economy, incompetence of spatial planning system and expanding the growth pole (Tabriz) in recent years.

The changes in age and sex structure of population as an independent and primary factor- irrespective of other influencing factors- creates imbalance in marital situation of the society. Based on population changes in recent decades in Iran, especially in the period of 1976-1986, there has been a remarkable change in the age and sex structure of population. These structural changes of the population in Iran had different economic, social and cultural impacts in different time periods causing many types of economic and social hindrances in the society. As a consequence, presently we have to deal with over supply of labor and as the result a high rate of unemployment .Other expected impacts in the near future will be imbalance among girls and boys in the marital age groups. This imbalance will result in the increased number of single girls. The aim of this article is to study the issue in the three decades (1956-1986) and to discuss the relationship between changes of population age and sex structure and marital situation in Iran. Also, quantitative impacts of such changes on the future decade will be presented

Spatial balance through spatial planning is possible. Spatial planning means planning for the site over time. Territorial planning is the latest and most complete spatial planning, Experience in various countries shows that the aim of spatial and Territorial planning often with reduced spatial inequalities, balance growth and participation in national affairs.This study aimed to investigate the spatial imbalance in the development of various aspects of social, economic, environmental and infrastructure in the Khorasan Razavi province. In Iran in 1345, the issue of Territorial planning at the Institute for Social Research of Tehran University was introduced. In this province, the study of Territorial planning, Interim Comprehensive Plan Development Khorasan" in 1347 which was followed by CETCOPE. This study is the first study in the province before the Islamic revolution in Iran. The final result, the province is divided into twelve geographic areas that studies published in 24 volumes. This paper explains the spatial imbalance in the Khorasan Razavi province.Based on this conceptual model, using 47 indicators in seven field, consist of human development, quality of manpower, economic, social, cultural, environmental facilities and services in the Khorasan Razavi province was made and Spatial Multi Criteria Decision Models to action on province level variables were considered. The development of composite index was calculated. Then the cities were clustered using Pearson index calculation is based on the assessment ward in Minitab software. The results showed that the existing IMBALANCES in the various areas, spatial clustering and imbalance in the development of homogeneous regions in the province. Mashhad, with a considerable distance from the other cities of the province, is ranked first. Combination indices indicated IMBALANCES even within the cluster value. Understanding the capabilities and potential of cities can be developed to meet internal and external IMBALANCES and regulation of homogeneous clusters of cities, used to be the province of Town Planners.

The aim of this paper is to identify indicators that demonstrate the lack of gender balance in the Iranian labor market. Based on a review of the theories on the dual labor market and the distinctions between available employment options in the first and second sectors, the emergence of employment opportunities and their implications for women will be examined. The indicators have been identified based on data and official national reports. The fmdings point to the low level of womens participation, despite the increase in their presence as compared with the past decade, as well as the concentration of women in relatively few economic activities. The results also point to the relatively higher level of unemployment among women, especially young women in urban areas, as compared with mens unemployment level. The gender-based employment indicators in different parts of the country speak of alarming gender IMBALANCES. For example, in Lorestan Province, the rate of womens unemployment in urban areas is 53% and 64.6% in rural areas. In urban areas, the problems of womens unemployment and in rural areas the high rate of male unemployment exist at alarming levels.

In this study, weather conditions such as air humidity, temperature air, and wind speed were investigated in relation to wind turbine efficiency with the approach of an exergy study. In this study, the wind speed has been investigated in two different climatic regions of Iran with an approximate distance of 1200 km, in the names of Ardabil and Marvast. The amount of wind density of Ardabil is equal to 66 (kW/m2) and Marvast is equal to 123 (kW/m2). Power production using a 10 (Kw) wind turbine in the Ardabil region is 2.3 (MWh) and in the Marvast region is 3.2 (MWh) per year. The highest wind turbine exergy efficiency is 0.48 in the Ardabil region, and the highest exergy efficiency in the Marvast region is 0.18. The amount of reduction of CO2 gas production, using wind turbines in comparison to gas and diesel power plants in Ardabil, are 1.1 and 2.1 tons and in Marvast are 1.5 and 2.9 tons per year. This reduction in CO2 greenhouse gas per year is equal to using a forest region of 1000 (m2) to 3000 (m2). The use of wind turbines reduces the fuel consumption of diesel power plants in the Ardabil region for the amount of 797.4 liters and in the Marvast region for the amount of 1244 liters of diesel per year. According to this review, it can be concluded that in addition to wind speed, air humidity plays a significant role in the selection, installation, and commissioning of wind turbines in the region. According to this survey, it can be seen that in the Ardabil region, the wind speed of the wind turbine has a higher exergy efficiency than in the Marvast region, and it can be concluded that the wind turbine has performed better in the Ardabil region.

Introduction: Playing the instrument in different groups of society is increasing day by day. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to musculoskeletal IMBALANCES and their problems in musicians. Martials and Methods: Ninety instrumentalists, including 26 wood wind players (age: 28. 46±, 4. 62 year, BMI: 26. 59±, 2. 11), 37 string players (age: 28. 18±, 7 year, BMI: 24. 92±, 3. 60), and 27 percussionists (age: 31. 88±, 6. 6 years, BMI: 24. 95±, 3. 32) were selected to participate in this study. Upper and lower extremities were assessed. For statistical analysis ANOVA, Scheffe and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were performed in SPSS version 16 with a significance level of 0. 05. Results: The results of this study did not show significant differences between the degree of musculoskeletal IMBALANCES of kyphosis and lordosis between the study groups (P˃, 0. 05). Results in musculoskeletal IMBALANCES of scoliosis (sig= 0. 001), forward head (sig= 0. 001), uneven shoulder (sig= 0. 001), torticollis (sig= 0. 001), scapular dyskinesia (sig= 0. 006) were showed the significant differences between the groups (P˂, 0. 05). Conclusion: According to the results, some musculoskeletal IMBALANCES in the group of wood wind instrumentalists showed a higher intensity and prevalence. These variabilities between different groups of musicians indicate different physical and postural needs to play different instruments.

Introduction: Ileostomy creation is a relatively standard procedure in colorectal surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of dehydration and electrolyte IMBALANCES and find their relationship with patients' demographic and predisposing factors. Methods: From April 2018 to February 2020, 256 patients who underwent ileostomy creation surgery in the colorectal ward of Imam Khomeini University Hospital (a tertiary center), Tehran, Iran, were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent standard postoperative care and colorectal nursing care. After the ileostomy started to work, patients were evaluated for daily stoma discharge volume and the serum levels of sodium (Na), potassium(K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Blood urine Nitrogen(BUN), and Creatinine. Results: Of 256 enrolled patients, three died during the first post-operation period. About 88% of ileostomy started working on the first and the second postop days. There were 64(25. 2%) patients with HOI during the index admission and 7(2. 7%) patients with prolonged hospital stays (> five days P. O. ) only because of HOI. The dehydration rate was highest on the 4th P. O. day, then on the 5th P. O. day, followed by the third day. Altogether there were 108(28. 1%) hyponatremia cases in the index admission, with the highest rate on the 4th P. O. day. Altogether, 99 (25. 8%) hypokalemia were in the index admission. The least mean serum K level was determined on the fourth day and then on the fifth day. Total and ionized serum Ca levels were lowest on the fifth and fourth days, but the difference between mean Ca levels were insignificant. Mean serum Mg was lowest on the fifth day, followed by the fourth day. Conclusion: The most prevalent electrolyte imbalance in early PO-readmitted patients was hyponatremia, followed by hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypermagnesemia were solely found in readmitted patients and not in the index admission. Early PO readmission with HOI and dehydration was independently associated with Age>60y, Male sex, BMI>30, and living alone status.

Background: Neonatal cardiac surgery is crucial for addressing congenital heart anomalies yet poses a risk of notable perioperative electrolyte disturbances. IMBALANCES resulting from blood loss, fluid shifts, and surgical effects can negatively impact patients, leading to issues such as acute kidney injury (AKI), arrhythmias, and elevated mortality rates.Objectives: The objective of this research is to assess the prevalence and outcomes of electrolyte IMBALANCES during the perioperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases on morbidity and mortality in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: This study, conducted as a retrospective, single-center analysis, encompassed 355 neonatal patients who underwent cardiac surgery at a tertiary city hospital from January 2021 to January 2024. The study involved neonates under one month old diagnosed with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac surgery within this timeframe. Electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) were documented preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively, along with clinical outcomes such as AKI, arrhythmias, seizures, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and mortality. Statistical analyses, both descriptive and inferential, were conducted to examine the connections between electrolyte IMBALANCES and clinical outcomes, using logistic regression. Results: Notable correlations were identified between preoperative hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, and the onset of AKI. The presence of arrhythmias was connected to preoperative hypocalcemia and postoperative hypernatremia and hyperchloremia. No significant relationship was found between any electrolyte imbalance and seizures. Mortality showed a significant association with preoperative hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and hypochloremia, as well as postoperative hypernatremia and hyperchloremia. Conclusions: Perioperative electrolyte IMBALANCES are commonly observed in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery and have a strong association with negative outcomes. Managing these IMBALANCES proactively may result in a decrease in complications, notably AKI and arrhythmias, and an enhancement in survival rates.